368 WINE LAW sustainable actions in its different stages of production, from the grape’s cultivation to the treatment in the winery. In the European Union, for a wine to be considered organic and to be labelled as such, it must meet the legal requirements of organic farming. However, it was necessary to wait until the entry into force of the Implementing Regulation (EU) No 203/2012 to be able to call it “organic wine”, since, until then, the only possible the designation was “wine from organically grown grapes may have been used”, as the production process was not covered by the regulations. In 1991, Council Regulation (EEC) 2092/91 of 24 June was approved, followed, in 2004, by the first European Action Plan on organic farming – Communication COM (2004) 415 final –, which, among other measures, demanded an improvement of the regulations on organic production. This, in turn, was established in Regulation (EC) No 834/2007 of 28 June on production and labelling of organic products, which repealed the 1991 Regulation. The express regulation of organic wine is produced with Implementing Regulation (EU) No 203/2012 of 8 March, which modified other regulations and established the applicable provisions relating to organic wine. This standard entered into force on 1 August 2012 and was in effect until 31 December 2021. As of 1 January 2022, Regulation (EU) 2018/848, of 30 May on organic production and labelling of organic products, entered into force, repealing Regulation (EC) No 834/2007 and establishing a new legal framework for organic products, in general, and wine, in particular. 2. BACKGROUND AND EVOLUTION Ecological agriculture has been nourished by the good practices carried out by traditional farmers, who, due to their interaction with the environment and the scarce resources to produce without deteriorating those that they already had (i.e. soil, water, trees), use, as a work tool, their knowledge about the workings of nature transmitted from generation to generation. Organic farming is not merely the use of traditional techniques from the early 20th century but rather the innovations it incorporates. Modern organic farming uses many technological innovations, basing its techniques on extensive knowledge of ecology, soils and plant nutrition and the management of pests and adventitious plants, genetic and biological potential and better agricultural and livestock techniques; in short, thorough knowledge of biological and ecological interactions, nutrient cycles and management systems.
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