The European Union and European States’ Developments on Online Travel Agencies’ Parity Clauses Ardyllis Alves Soares1 Introduction; 1. European Union; 2. Germany; 3. France; 4. Italy; 5. Austria; 6. Belgium; 7. Switzerland; 8. Sweden; 9. Denmark; Final Remarks; References. INTRODUCTION As disruptive technology2 continues to alter contract relations in a larger, innovative environment3, online services enable the world to become better connected. The downside, however, is the increasing use of contract networks4 and intermediated stakeholders, linking consumers to service providers5. For this reason, the use of online platforms for common activities6 and economic interest7 is increasing. The benefit is turning contractual terms into a simpler and more accessible system. Nonetheless, online platforms have been accused abusing market power by restraining the competition, citing the parity 1 Post-Doctoral Researcher at University Centre of Brasilia. Doctor and Master in Law at Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Attorney of Law. PNPD/CAPES scholar. ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002- -7703-9582; e-mail: ardyllis@gmail.com. 2 KATYAL, Neal. Disruptive technologies and the law. The Georgetown Law Journal, v. 102, no. 6, 2014, pp. 1685-1686. 3 On tourism and digital innovation, vid. ROMERO DEXEUS, Carlos. The deepening effects of the digital revolution. In FAYOS-SOLÀ, Eduardo, & COOPER, Chris (org.). The future of tourism: innovation and sustainability. Cham: Springer, 2019, pp. 43-66. 4 TEUBNER, Gunther. Netzwerk als Vertragsverbund: Virtuelle Unternehmen, Franchising, just-in-time in sozialwissenschaftlicher und juristischer Sicht. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2004, pp. 101-106. 5 BELLEFLAMME, Paul, & PEITZ, Martin. Platforms and network effects. In CORCHÓN, Luis C. (org.). Handbook on game theory and industrial organization: volume II – applications. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2018, pp. 286-288. 6 On sectorial platforms and their hybrid actors, vid. VAN DIJCK, José, POELL, Thomas, & DE WAAL, Martijn. The platform society: public values in a connected world. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 16-22. 7 REILLIER, Laure Claire, & REILLIER, Benoit. Platform strategy: how to unlock the power of communities and networks to grow your business. London: Routledge, 2017, pp. 46-52.
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTE4NzM5Nw==