PRACTICES DISTORTING COMPETITION AND REDRESSIVE MEASURES 251 e) Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/1185 of 20 July 2016 amending Implementing Regulation (EU) No 923/2012 as regards the update and completion of the common rules of the air and operational provisions regarding services and procedures in air navigation (SERA Part C) and repealingRegulation (EC)No 730/2006 (Text withEEA relevance)18. Initially, access to the aeronautical market and the provision of services by companies at airports was determined by conditions of competition, rather than free competition19. As the doctrine points out20, the opening of air transport to free competition has led to the imposition of discipline regarding the granting of State aid, the so-called “one-time-last-time” has allowed the activity of civil aviation companies to an activity marked by free competition, proliferating lowcost companies and competition in secondary airports. The aeronautical market liberalisation favours the interests of the consumers since they will be able to opt for more competitive prices and higher effectiveness of the management of the air companies. However, all of this must be carried out by fair practices instead of unfair practices or practices that go against the competition21. This liberalisation has resulted in various aspects22: a) Free provision of services between EU countries, without restrictions; b) Liberalisation of fares, in which it will be the company that sets the price, without intervention by the public authority, although with restrictions in the case of excessively high or low fares; and 18 Official Journal of the European Union L 196/3, of 27 July 2016. Available in: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/ legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32016R1185&from=es (Consulted on 20 June 2019). 19 ORTIZ BLANCO, L. “Liberación y política comunitaria de defensa de la competencia en el sector del transporte aéreo”, Anuario de la Facultad de Derecho, no. 3, 1993-1994, pp. 189-190. Available in: https://ebuah. uah.es/dspace/bitstream/handle/10017/6316/Liberacion_ortiz_AFDUA_1993_1994.pdf?sequence =1&isAllowed=yx# (Consulted 20 June 2019). See also: BOTANA AGRA, M. J. “Las reglas de la competencia de la CEE y el transporte aéreo intracomunitario”, Derecho mercantil de la Comunidad Económica Europea: estudios en homenaje a José Girón Tena, Consejo General de los Colegios Oficiales de Corredores de Comercio, Civitas, Madrid, 1991, pp. 189 & ff. 20 FERNÁNDEZ TORRES, I. “Derecho europeo de la competencia en el sector aéreo y aeroportuario”, Working Papers on European Law and Regional Integration, no. 24, 2015, pp. 2 & ff. Available in: https://www.ucm. es/data/cont/docs/59520150416WP%20IDEIR%20n%C2%BA%2024%20(2015)%20Derecho%20 europeo%20de%20la%20competencia%20en%20el%20sector%20a%C3%A9reo%20y%20aeroportuario.%20 Isabel%20Fern%C3%A1ndez%20Torres.pdf (Consulted on 20 June 2019). 21 ORTIZ BLANCO, L. “Liberación y política comunitaria de defensa de la competencia en el sector del transporte aéreo”, cit., p. 190. 22 ORTIZ BLANCO, L. “Liberación y política comunitaria de defensa de la competencia en el sector del transporte aéreo”, cit., p. 192. See also: PAZOS CASTRO, R. La protección del consumidor en el transporte aéreo de pasajeros, Wolters Kluwer, Madrid, 2018.
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