214 COMPETITION LAW IN TOURISM Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), which has developed a Model Law on Competition to serve as guidance for States15. 4.3. Competition Practices While there are significant differences between competition policies adopted by different States and regional organisations, many common types of competition practices can be identified. For this purpose, ICAO Competition Compendium, competition practices include any policies, regulatory practices or actions by States or regional organisations – other than national/regional competition laws and regulations and cooperation arrangements – aimed at, or having the effect of, addressing competition-related issues in international air transport. These practices are presented as Competition Clauses, Model Clauses, and any other types of Safeguards that do not fall under the aforementioned categories. In order for ICAO to keep enhancing the coverage and the quality of the information provided in this Compendium, States, regional organisations, competition authorities and other interested parties involved in competition issues in the area of air transport are encouraged to submit contributions for additions, changes or updates to the ICAO Secretariat. 5. ICAO POLICY GUIDING a) Recommendations of the Air Transport Regulation Panel – in the development of ICAO policy guidance on air transport regulation, many tasks were assigned to the Air Transport Regulation Panel, including guidance relating to fair competition and safeguards. According to the Recommendation of ATConf/4, the Panel, at its ninth meeting, developed a “Safeguard Mechanism for Fair Competition” and a related “Dispute Settlement”mechanism(Recommendations ATRP/9-1 and 9-2, respectively). These recommendations were approved by the Council and disseminated to States for their guidance in regulatory practice16. b) ICAO Template Air Services Agreements – many of the policy guidance developed by ICAO over the years have been adapted and incorporated into the ICAO Bilateral Template Air Services Agreements (TASA), including clauses on 15 See further, https://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/CompetitionLaw/The-Model-Law-on-Competition.aspx. 16 See full texts reproduced in Doc 9587, pp. 1-28 & 1-29.
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